Diabetes Mellitus: Laboratory Diagnosis and Monitoring
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease associated with impaired glucose metabolism. Timely laboratory diagnosis and regular biomarker monitoring are the foundation of effective disease management.
Key Biomarkers
| Biomarker | Diagnostic Role | Target Value |
|---|---|---|
| Fasting Glucose | Primary diagnosis | < 7.0 mmol/L |
| HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin) | 3-month control | < 7.0% (individualized) |
| Insulin | Insulin resistance assessment | 2.6–24.9 μIU/mL |
| CRP | Systemic inflammation | < 5 mg/L |
| Creatinine | Kidney function (nephropathy) | 62–115 μmol/L |
| Cholesterol | Cardiovascular risk | < 5.0 mmol/L |
Diagnostic Criteria (WHO/ADA)
- Fasting glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL)
- 2-hour glucose after OGTT ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL)
- HbA1c ≥ 6.5%
- Random glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L + symptoms
Testing Frequency
| Test | Frequency |
|---|---|
| Fasting glucose | Every 3–6 months |
| HbA1c | Every 3 months |
| Lipid panel | Annually |
| Creatinine + eGFR | Annually |
| Microalbuminuria | Annually |
FAQ
How do Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes differ in lab tests?
In Type 1, insulin and C-peptide are low (autoimmune destruction of beta cells). In Type 2, insulin is often elevated (insulin resistance) but may decrease over time.
What is prediabetes?
Fasting glucose 5.6–6.9 mmol/L or HbA1c 5.7–6.4%. The condition is reversible with lifestyle modifications.
Why monitor cholesterol in diabetes?
Diabetes significantly increases the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Lipid profile monitoring is part of comprehensive disease management.
Track all diabetes biomarkers over time with Lissa Health.